As a nuclear fusion reactor, the sun is the source of our energy
The Sun is the star at the center of the solar system to which we (Earthlings) belong. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma that is made to glow by nuclear fusion reactions in its core. The Sun emits this energy primarily in the form of light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation and is the primary source of energy for life on Earth. The radius of the Sun is about 695,000 kilometers, which is 109 times that of the Earth. Its mass is estimated to be 330,000 times that of the Earth and accounts for more than 99% of the total mass of the solar system. About three-quarters of the Sun's mass is hydrogen; the rest is mostly helium, with much smaller amounts of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.
Every second, about 600 million tons of hydrogen fuse into helium in the sun's core, converting 4 million tons of matter into energy. This energy, which takes between 10,000 and 170,000 years to leave the core, is the source of the sun's radiation and heat. When hydrogen fusion in its core has subsided to the point where the Sun is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, the density and temperature in the core will increase significantly as the outer layers expand, eventually transforming the Sun into a red giant. The Sun is expected to grow so large that it will engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus, making Earth uninhabitable - but not for another 5,000,000,000 years or so. After that, it will shed its outer layers and transform into a dense, cooling star called a white dwarf, which will no longer produce energy through nuclear fusion but will still glow and give off heat from its earlier nuclear fusion.
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My visit a few years ago to the nuclear fusion reactor at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching, as a student engineer, was one of the most important experiences I have had so far; it has expanded my horizons. Researchers are experimenting with plasmas to understand the process of nuclear fusion in stars and its potential to generate sustainable and affordable energy for our human civilization on Earth. According to the researchers, it is very likely that this can be achieved in the second half of this century when the appropriate resources become available, providing a tremendous solution to our energy problems. There are four basic forces at work in the universe: the weak and strong nuclear forces, the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force. And such facilities will help us better understand the nuclear forces and find safe ways to use them to meet our energy needs.
The sun radiation reaching the Earth surface has several uses, following are several vital ones:
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Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. It can take many forms, such as thermal, kinetic, chemical, and electromagnetic energy. The most common forms of energy used by humans are thermal, kinetic, and chemical energy. Energy can be transformed from one form to another, such as when chemical energy in oil or gas is converted into thermal energy to heat buildings or generate electricity. Additionally, energy can also be transferred from one place to another, such as when electricity is transmitted over power lines from a power plant to homes and businesses.
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When your skin is exposed to sunlight, it makes vitamin D from cholesterol. The sun's ultraviolet B rays strike the cholesterol in skin cells and provide the energy for vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D has many roles in the body and is essential for optimal health. On the other hand, low vitamin D levels have been linked to serious health consequences, including: Osteoporosis, cancer, depression, muscle weakness and a weak immune system. Darker-skinned people need more time in sunlight to make the same amount of vitamin D as lighter-skinned people.
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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy (From the sun) into chemical energy that can later be released through cellular respiration to support the activities of the organism. Some of this chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars and starches, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water. Most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria engage in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for generating and maintaining oxygen levels in the Earth's atmosphere and provides most of the energy needed for life on Earth.
Water: the fundamental and essential element of all life on planet Earth
Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms. It is vital for all known forms of life, despite not providing food, energy or organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, H2O, indicates that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Wherever water flows, life seems to spring up within and around it. In many ancient cultures, water was considered the centre of life and held a divine energy. The Taoists thought for example considers water a representation of intelligence and wisdom as well as softness and flexibility.
The water cycle is the journey that all water follows as it flows around the earth in different forms. Liquid water is found in oceans, rivers, lakes, dams and also underground. Solid ice is found in glaciers, snow, and at the north and south poles. Water vapor (in gas form) is found in the atmosphere. The heat of the sun melts glaciers and snow into liquid water. This water flows into the oceans, lakes and rivers. The water from melting snow and ice also reaches the ground. There it provides water for plants and the groundwater we drink. The snow that falls on glaciers and mountains in the winter months replaces the water that melts in the summer.
Water in solid form
Water can be found on Earth in a solid form in cold areas as ice, snow, and frost. Liquid water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius. When water freezes, its molecules move farther apart, making ice less dense than water. This means that ice will be lighter than the same volume of water, and so ice will float in water.
Water in liquid form
Liquid water is wet and fluid. This is the form of water with which we are most familiar. We use liquid water in many ways, including washing and drinking. Under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, water exists in the liquid state in the temperature range of 0-100 degrees celsius.
Water in gas form
Water is always present as a gas (vapor) in the air around us. We cannot see it. When water is boiled at 100° Celsius, this process is called evaporation, it changes from a liquid to a gas. When water vapor cools, we see it as clouds in the sky. A simple example is water boiling in a boiler and escaping into the air.
What is an Earthship ?
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The most relevant presentation of a solution to climate change, drought, famine, poverty and social violence
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Sir Allan Savory explains "holistic management," a solution based on mimicking nature to solve nature's problems. A solution to mass carbon storage that uses biology to address climate change, restore healthy soils, feed people, create good jobs, and restore ecological systems.